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Reading Medieval Sources is an exciting new series which leads scholars and students into some of the most challenging and rewarding sources from the European Middle Ages, and introduces the most important approaches to understanding them. Written by an international team of twelve leading scholars, this volume Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages presents a set of fresh and insightful perspectives that demonstrate the rich potential of this source material to all scholars of medieval history and culture. It includes coverage of major developments in monetary history, set into their economic and political context, as well as innovative and interdisciplinary perspectives that address money and coinage in relation to archaeology, anthropology and medieval literature. Contributors are Nanouschka Myrberg Burström, Elizabeth Edwards, Gaspar Feliu, Anna Gannon, Richard Kelleher, Bill Maurer, Nick Mayhew, Rory Naismith, Philipp Robinson Rössner, Alessia Rovelli, Lucia Travaini, and Andrew Woods.

Money --- Numismatics --- Economic history --- Commerce --- History --- Archaeology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History, Ancient --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Finance --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth

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In the last few years, the cryptocurrency bitcoin has repeatedly made worldwide headlines with its fluctuations in value and the uncertainty regarding the legal framework under which it operates. While bitcoin has swiftly become the foremost example of a virtual currency, it is by no means the only one. In-game currencies and currencies used as part of a loyalty scheme are examples as of other forms of virtual currencies. Moreover, new forms of virtual currency used mainly for investment purposes-derived from cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin-are rapidly gaining hold. This book focuses on the legal aspects of virtual currencies from the perspective of financial and economic law. It establishes a typology of virtual currencies and assesses whether they can be considered as money. The author analyzes whether the EU legal frameworks on electronic money, payment services, anti-money laundering, and markets in financial instruments can be applied to virtual currencies. A functional comparison is made to the US, where more regulatory initiative has been identified. The book concludes by answering the question of whether-and how-virtual currencies should be regulated within the EU.

Electronic funds transfers --- Currency question --- Law and legislation --- Specie payments --- Fiat money --- Free coinage --- Monetary question --- Scrip --- Currency crises --- Finance --- Finance, Public --- Legal tender --- Money --- EFT (Electronic funds transfers) --- Electronic banking --- Electronic check clearing --- Electronic money systems --- Electronic payments systems --- Electronic transfer of funds --- Funds, Electronic transfers of --- Telebanking --- Transfers of funds, Electronic --- Electronic data interchange --- Electronic benefits transfers --- Home banking services --- Etats-Unis

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The relationship between economy, finance and society has become opaque. Quantum leaps in complexity and scale have turned this deeply interdependent web of relations into an area of incomprehensible abstraction. And while the economization of life has come under widespread critique, inquiry into the political potential of representational praxis is more crucial than ever. This volume explores ethical, aesthetic and ideological dimensions of economic representation, redressing essential questions: What are the roles of mass and new media? How do the arts contribute to critical discourse on the global techno-economic complex? Collectively, the contributions bring theoretical debate and artistic intervention into a rich exchange that includes but also exceeds the conventions of academic scholarship.

Money. --- Finance --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Social aspects. --- E-books --- Economy; Techno-Economy; Finance; Media Representation; Mass Media; New Media; Culture; Media; Cultural Studies; Media Aesthetics; Media Art; Cultural History --- Cultural History. --- Cultural Studies. --- Culture. --- Finance. --- Mass Media. --- Media Aesthetics. --- Media Art. --- Media Representation. --- Media. --- New Media. --- Techno-Economy.

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This book uses systemic thinking and applies it to the study of financial crises. It systematically presents how the systemic yoyo model, its thinking logic, and its methodology can be employed as a common playground and intuition to the study of money, international finance, and economic reforms. This book establishes theoretical backings for why some of the most employed interferences of the market and empirical experiences actually work. It has become urgent for economists and policy makers to understand how international speculative capital affects the economic security of various nations. By looking at the issues of monetary movement around the world, this book shows that there are clearly visible patterns behind the flows of capital, and that there are a uniform language and logic of reasoning that can be powerfully employed in the studies of international finance As shown in this book, many of the conclusions drawn on the basis of these visible patterns, language, and logic of thinking can be practically applied to produce tangible economic benefits.  Currency Wars: Offense and Defense through Systemic Thinking is divided into six parts. The first part addresses issues related to systemic modeling of economic entities and processes and explains how a few policy changes can adjust the performance of the extremely complex economy. Part II of the book investigates the problem of how instabilities lead to opportunities for currency attacks, the positive and negative effects of foreign capital, and how international capital flows can cause disturbances of various degrees on a nation’s economic security. Part III examines how a currency war is initiated, why currency conflicts and wars are inevitable, and a specific way of how currency attacks can take place. In Part IV, the book shows how one nation can potential defend itself by manipulating exchange rate of its currency, how the nation under siege can protect itself against financial attacks by using strategies based on the technique of feedback, and develops a more general approach of self-defense. Part V focuses on issues related to the cleanup of the disastrous aftermath of currency attacks through using policies and reforms. Finally the book concludes in Part VI as it analyzes specific real-life cases and addresses the ultimate problem of whether or not currency wars can be avoided all together.

Business. --- Business enterprises --- Financial engineering. --- Economic theory. --- Business and Management. --- Business Finance. --- Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods. --- Financial Engineering. --- Finance. --- International finance --- Money --- Financial crises --- Econometric models. --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Finance --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- International monetary system --- International money --- International economic relations --- Business enterprises-Finance. --- Computational finance --- Engineering, Financial --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Business enterprises—Finance. --- Econometrics. --- Corporate Finance. --- Quantitative Economics. --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Business finance --- Business financial management --- Financial analysis of business enterprises --- Financial management, Business --- Financial management of business enterprises --- Financial planning of business enterprises --- Managerial finance